While it would take a sizeable bump in population for North Dakota to top 1 million, we have Constitutional carry, open carry, and Castle Doctrine, and IIRC, stand your ground as well.
Yeah, you make a good point (that the article also glances over). We here in Alabama are sadly just "renting" our rights. Sheriffs sure know a good way to shake down the public and most use it to outfit their departments. Congrats to Constitutional Carry (CC) states... I envy ya...
The police unions exercise a lot of power in state and few candidates like to cross them. The slush fund from stepping on the 2nd to them is indispensable. Even though the permits do one thing that is beneficial (allow carry to other states that also rent the right). Some claim that they would still buy permits for this reason, but it is a shame that all states are not CC.

Also... permit or no permit.... I bet the rate of carry (at least part of the time) is much higher than the official "permit estimates". I know years I didn't have a permit, I often carried on the down low, my life was worth more than some unconstitutional law.