by Issam Ahmed and Charlotte Causit
May 25, 2025
Antarctica's icy wilderness is warming rapidly under the weight of human-driven climate change, yet a new study points to an unlikely ally in the fight to keep the continent cool: penguin poo.
Published Thursday in Communications Earth & Environment, the research shows that ammonia wafting off penguin guano seeds extra cloud cover above coastal Antarctica, likely blocking sunlight and nudging temperatures down.
Lead author Matthew Boyer, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Helsinki, told AFP that lab studies had long shown gaseous ammonia can help form clouds.
But "to actually quantify this process and to see its influence in Antarctica hasn't been done," he said.
Antarctica is an ideal natural laboratory. With virtually no human pollution and scant vegetation—both alternative sources of cloud-forming gases—penguin colonies dominate as ammonia emitters.
The birds' future, however, is under threat.
Shrinking sea ice disrupts their nesting, feeding and predator-avoidance routines—making it all the more urgent to understand their broader ecological role.
Along with other seabirds such as Imperial Shags, penguins expel large amounts of ammonia through droppings, an acrid cocktail of feces and urine released via their multi-purpose cloacas.
When that ammonia mixes with sulfur-bearing gases from phytoplankton—the microscopic algae that bloom in the surrounding ocean—it boosts the formation of tiny aerosol particles that grow into clouds.
To capture the effect in the real world, Boyer and teammates set up instruments at Argentina's Marambio Base on Seymour Island, off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Over three summer months—when penguin colonies are bustling and phytoplankton photosynthesis peaks—they monitored wind direction, ammonia levels and newly minted aerosols.
For over a month after the Adelie penguin colony had departed on their annual migration, concentrations of atmospheric amonia stayed roughly 100 times higher
For over a month after the Adelie penguin colony had departed on their annual migration, concentrations of atmospheric amonia stayed roughly 100 times higher.
When the breeze blew from a 60,000-strong Adelie penguin colony eight kilometers (five miles) away, atmospheric ammonia spiked to 13.5 parts per billion—about a thousand times the background level.
For over a month after the birds had departed on their annual migration, concentrations stayed roughly 100 times higher, with the guano-soaked ground acting as a slow-release fertilizer.
Particle counters told the same story: cloud-seeding aerosols surged whenever air masses arrived from the colony, at times thick enough to generate a dense fog.
Chemical fingerprints in the particles pointed back to penguin-derived ammonia.
More at link
https://phys.org/news/2025-05-climate-power-penguin-poo.html
