113 Dedication of Trajan's Column, in Trajan's Forum, Rome.
535 Accession of Pope Agapetus I (535-36), later canonized
1110 Crusaders capture Beirut amid great slaughter
1307 Battle of Ayr: Robert Bruce defeats Ralph de Monthermet
1568 Battle of Langside: the Earl of Moray defeats the Earl of Argyll
1572 Ugo Buoncampagni elected Pope as Gregory XIII (1572-1585)
1774 Maj. Gen. Thomas Gage, the new Royal Governor of Massachusetts, reviews the militia at the Long Wharf, in Boston, eleven months before Lexington
1779 The "Potato War" (War of the Bavarian Succession) ends after 10 virtually bloodless months, though thousands die of disease
1846 US declares war on Mexico, two months after fighting begins
1861 Britain declares neutrality in the American Civil War
1865 Battle of Palmeto Ranch, Tx: Rebs win "the last battle" of the Civil War
1912 Britain's Royal Flying Corps (merges into the Royal Air Force in 1918)
1921 Benito Mussolini qualifies as a pilot.
1925 USS 'Ontario' (AT-13) establishes American sovereignty over Swain's Island, in the Central Pacific
1940 Churchill promises "blood, toil, tears, and sweat."
1940 Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands flees to England to avoid capture by the Germans
1943 Axis troops in Tunisia surrender, ending the African Campaign
1943 The Netherlands: German occupation forces confiscate all radios
1943 USN Bureau of Navigation becomes the Bureau of Naval Personnel
1944 An American destroyer escort sinks a Japanese submarine in the mid-Atlantic
1945 Kyushu: US carriers begin two day raid against Japanese airfields
1946 US sentences 58 Mauthausen concentration camp guards to death
1964 The first nuclear-powered task force puts to sea, 'Enterprise' (CVN-65), 'Long Beach' (CGN-9), and 'Bainbridge' (DLGN-25/CGN-25)
1981 Pope John Paul II wounded by assailant in St Peter's Square
1985 Philadelphia police bomb a house held by the radical group "Move", 11 die
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