The reason why Blacks are underrepresented among neurosurgeons, for example, is the same reason they are overrepresented in the NBA, the NFL and in many areas of entertainment. It is fundamentally a matter of inclination, availability, skill and talent.
Emphasis on "inclination." Dr. Ben Carson grew up in an impoverished single-parent home and still became a renowned pediatric neurosurgeon. It wasn't just because he wasn't 6'8" and couldn't dunk. It was because his mother was a responsible parent who required him to read and do his schoolwork. Clarence Thomas grew up in an equally poor environment, but was raised by a grandfather who expected the best of him.
Whenever I see photos of poor Africans, squatting around waiting for the next UNICEF truck, I have a similar reaction. We've poured billions into poor Third World nations, provided infrastructure of all sorts (from water to schools), and still the citizens seem unwilling or incapable of taking charge of their own lives or getting rid of corrupt dictators who steal as much of the foreign aid as they can. It's frustrating.
This should not be the norm: