The mRNA vaccines (Moderna and Pfizer) cause recipients' immune systems to produce antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus' spike protein.
The Viral Vector vaccines (J&J and AstraZeneca) cause recipients' immune systems to produce antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus' spike protein.
The Novavx's protein sub-unit vaccine causes recipients' immune systems to produce antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus' spike protein.
Neither AstraZeneca's nor Novavax's vaccines are approved for use in the US, nor have either company applied for Emergency Use Authorization.
Why do all target the SARS-CoV-2 virus' spike protein? because it is fairly stable, and with the spike made useless by the antibodies, the SARS-CoV-2 virus cannot enter into cells and thus cannot reproduce. The virus dies without reproducing.
The two inactivated virus vaccines in use in other countries that I'm aware of are produced by Sinovac and Sinopharm, Chinese countries. Chile has been one of Sinovac's (IIRC, maybe both) major customers, and experienced a major surge in cases in March and April,
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/chile/ . The surge appears to have peaked. Those two vaccines appear to not work well against what is currently in circulation. Maybe they are too specific to the virus strain on which the vaccines are based. Or maybe the quality control is lacking. That issue aside, that type of vaccine would produce antibodies that attack the whole virus.
But whether the antibodies produced kill the virus directly or the virus dies unable to reproduce, it died and didn't reproduce.