The Essex class were extremely robust and difficult to sink. But the Japanese achieved a couple of ‘sinkings’, for all practical purposes, with single aircraft strikes - Franklin and Bunker Hill. Don’t need to sink them as long as you knock them out of the war.
One term for that is "Mission Kill", damage severe enough that a ship cannot perform its mission. USS Saratoga spent much of 1942 undergoing repair from torpedo hits (multiple occasions). USS Enterprise, similarly, was hit by bombs in 1942 battles and was out of action for repairs.
In the original plan for Midway, Shokaku and Zuikaku were supposed to be with Kido Butai, but Shokaku was damaged at Coral Sea. Zuikaku's air group was depleted and IJN doctrine didn't provide for reforming her air group by incorporating members of Shokaku's air group. Try re-imagining the Battle of Midway with Nagumo having 5 or 6 carriers instead of 4.
While US shipyards in WW2 had the capacity to do repairs and crank out many new ships, Japan's shipyards were already stretched thin going into the war. Having to repair ships - mission-kill - impacted their yards' ability to replace sinkings and increase Japan's naval and cargo forces. IOW, mission-kill can have significant impact beyond simply temporarily losing the use of a ship.