How do you propose that we deal with folks with pre-existing conditions? If we require insurance companies to issue policies covering pre-existing conditions, costs will naturally sky-rocket. The law does need to effectively protect those who act responsibly, by making sure that folks who are already covered by insurance can't lose that coverage when they get sick. But folks still have the option of not buying insurance, and those folks inevitably get sick. How should their costs be addressed? Should hospitals be allowed to deny care to folks without insurance?
The answer
@Jazzhead is 'I don't know'. You can do exclusions to give them some kind of insurance. You could incentivize employers, insurance companies, and hospitals with tax credits to minimize premiums and costs. Create multistate pools and let insurance companies take as many as they can allow and yet remain competitive.
There is no one size fits all solution - you will have to whittle down as much of the problem as you can then deal with what's left.
I don't know the answer for 'free riders' either, other than pooling them into Medicare and adjusting the Medicare tax to reflect as an insurance premium, as a start.