PDVSA was pretty much the state piggy bank for years
A country with such a long history of oil and such huge deposits not diversifying beyond that is the main culprit.
The blessing of oil was squandered rather than to use it to initiate less variable, long lasting successful industries in other areas.
Too bad for those citizens there.
It is not likely to get much better as the govt has destroyed its outside assistance by nationalizing foreign company assets now twice.
Few will be angling to try a third time. How does that rhyme go again, "Fool me once,......"